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Dogs are inbred for such desirable characteristics as blue eye color; but an unfortunate by-product of such inbreeding can be the emergence of characteristics such as deafness. A 1992 study of Dalmatians (by Strain and others, as reported in The Dalmatians Dilemma) found the following: (i) 31% of all Dalmatians have blue eyes. (ii) 38% of all Dalmatians are deaf. (iii) 42% of blue-eyed Dalmatians are deaf. Based on the results of this study is "having blue eyes" independent of "being deaf"? No, since .31
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.38 is not equal to .42 . No, since .38 is not equal to .42 . No, since. 31 is not equal to .42 . Yes, since .31
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.38 is not equal to .42 . Yes, since .38 is not equal to .42 . This is not quite right. P (blue eyes and deaf) =P (deaf | blue eyes) doesn't tell us anything useful. Recall that having blue eyes and being deaf are independent if knowing a Dalmatian has blue eyes doesn't change the probability that it is deaf. Consider the remaining options. (B) is the right answer.
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